英文文法（初級） 94.9 武震遠 (David Wuu)
名詞：人、動物、事物、或地方等的名稱。如：boy, girl, dog, cat, book, school, room, classroom, home, tree,
flower…等。
---------------------------------
名詞的數：
1. 單數:指一個人、事、地、物、動物、植物。
2. 複數:指超過一個的人、事、地、物、動物、植物。
複數的形成:：
（一）規則變化
規則(1): 原則上單數可數名詞之字尾 + s
如:book(單數)→books(複數) chair→chairs 椅子 egg→eggs 蛋 nose→noses 鼻子 ear→ears 耳朵 eye→eyes 眼睛 eraser→erasers 擦子 school→schools 學校 cake→cakes 蛋糕 kite→kites 風箏 pen→pens 鋼筆 lion→lions 獅子 tiger→tigers 老虎 pencil→pencils鉛筆 horse→horses
※※但是要記住以下之規則： （且以下之規則(2)至規則(5)高於規則(1)）
規則(2): 單數可數名詞字尾是s,
sh, ch, x, z時，則在字尾加es。
如:glass→glasses
玻璃
bus→buses 公車 class→classes 教室 dish→dishes 盤子 brush→brushes 刷子 watch→watches 看 sandwich→sandwiches 三明治 box→boxes 盒子 quiz→quizzes 小考 buzz→buzzes
嗡嗡聲(蜜蜂的嗡嗡聲)
規則(3): 單數可數名詞字尾是子音+y時，將y改成i，再加es，形成ies。（＊ 子音共25個，已教過）
如:baby→babies lady→ladies city→cities family→families
daddy→daddies twenty→twenties
規則(4): （原則上a, e, i, o, u 為五個基本母音，母音共17個，已教過）
單數可數名詞字尾是母音+y時，y不可去掉，只在字尾加s，形成ys。
如:boy→boys key→keys monkey→monkeys toy→toys
day→days
規則(5): 單數可數名詞的字尾是f或fe時，先將f或fe改為v，再加es
如:wife→wives
妻子 leaf→leaves
knife→knives
小刀
life→lives 生命
（※有規則就有例外。字尾是o的單數名詞與不規則之複數名詞，以後再教）
名詞的性:
1.陽性(男性):如:boy 男孩, father 父親, man男人
2.陰性(女性):如:girl女孩, mother母親, woman女人
3.通性(男女皆可)：如:parents雙親, student學生, friend朋友, teacher老師
4.無性(中性):如:book書, pen鋼筆, pencil鉛筆
名詞的格: （※格：字在句子中的地位，或字在句中與其他字的關係）
句子: 表示完整意思的字群(或ㄧ組字)
如:I am a boy.我是ㄧ個男孩 I eat lunch at school.我在學校吃午餐。
動詞: 表示動作或狀態的字。 狀態：是或在（am, is, are, was, were）
如： I eat lunch. 其中：I(主詞)
eat吃(動詞) lunch(受詞).
He
hit me.
其中： He(主詞)
hit(動詞)
me(受詞).
第ㄧ人稱:,如:I (我), we(我們), my(我的), our(我們的), me (我的受詞)， us
(我們之受詞)
1.主格:作動詞的主詞
（或句子中的主詞） (或動作的發動者)。
(如:I
go to school. I eat.)
2.受格:做動詞的受詞 (或動作的接受者)。 (如:I have a pen. I play
balls. I love her.)
如： I eat lunch.
其中： I eat lunch.
I drink juice.
My teacher hit me.
My friend hit us.
His sister hit him.
3.所有格:表示所有（ …的）。(如:This is my(我的) book. This is your(你的) book.)
如： I eat my lunch.
其中： I eat my lunch.
所有格的形成:
(1)單數名詞字尾加
’s 如: a dog’s
tail
(2)複數名詞字尾是s時，則只在字尾加 ’
(如: the girls’
school, the boys’ room)
------------------------------------------------------
不定冠詞：包括：a（一個或任一） 或 an（一個或任一）。
規則：在普通單數可數名詞之前加a或an表示不特定的人或物。
1.a+子音為首之單數普通名詞 (※以讀音為標準) 如:
a book, a dog,
a girl,
a boy
2.an+母音為首之單數普通名詞(※以讀音為標準) 如: an apple, an eye, an egg, an elephant,
an eel, an ant, an ax, an owl
代名詞: 代替名詞的字。如:你you, 我I, 他he, 她she,
牠it, 它it, ….等.
人稱代名詞:
如:你you, 我I, 他he, 她she, 牠it,它it等等。
第ㄧ人稱:
|
|
主格
|
所有格
|
受格
|
|
單數
|
I
(我)
|
My
(我的)
|
me
(我)
|
|
複數
|
we
(我們)
|
our
(我們的)
|
us
(我們)
|
第二人稱:You
|
|
主格
|
所有格
|
受格
|
|
單數
|
you
(你)
|
your
(你的)
|
you
(你)
|
|
複數
|
you
(你們)
|
your
(你們的)
|
you
(你們)
|
I
hit you.我打你。 You eat a cake.你吃ㄧ個蛋糕。
Your
sister is here.你的妹妹在這裡。
You
are students.你們是學生。You are a
student.你是ㄧ個學生。
第三人稱:他(he)她(she)牠(it)它(it)
|
|
|
主格
|
所有格
|
受格
|
|
單數
|
陽性
|
He(他)
|
His(他的)
|
Him(他)
|
|
陰性
|
she(她)
|
her(她的)
|
her(她)
|
|
|
無性
|
it
|
its
|
it
|
|
|
複數
|
陽性
|
they
|
their
|
them
|
|
陰性
|
they
|
their
|
them
|
I
hit him.我打他。
第ㄧ人稱:
↗單數:我 I,
如：I’m
a boy. 我是一個男孩。
1.
主格:
↘複數:我們 we,
如：We are girls. 我們是女生。
↗單數:我 me,
如：She loves me. 她愛我。 He loves me. 他愛我。
2.
受格:
↘複數:我們 us,
如：He hit us.
他打我們。
↗單數:我的 my, 如：This is my
book. 這是我的書。
3.
所有格:
↘複數:我們的 our, 如：They are our
friends. 他們是我們的朋友。
第三人稱:他、她、它、牠、它們、牠們、她們、他們、他的、她的、它的、牠的、它們的、牠們的、她們的、他們的。
|
單
數
|
主格:
|
受格
|
所有格
|
|
He
(他)
|
Him
(他)
|
His
(他的)
|
|
|
She
(她)
|
Her
(她)
|
Her
(她的)
|
|
|
It
(牠、它)
|
It
(牠、它)
|
Its
(牠的、它的)
|
如:
She
is my mother. 她是我的媽媽。 He loves her.他愛她。
It’s a dog. 牠是一隻狗。 It’s a pen.它是一枝筆。 I like it.我喜歡牠(它)。
This
is his book.這是他的書。
That
is her hat.那是她的帽子。
This
is its tail.這是牠的尾巴。
|
複
數
|
主格:
|
受格
|
所有格
|
|
they
(他們)
|
them
(他們)
|
their
(他們的)
|
|
|
they
(她們)
|
them
(她們)
|
their
(她們的)
|
|
|
they
(牠們、它們)
|
them
(牠們、它們)
|
their
(牠們的、它們的)
|
如:
They
are tigers. 牠們是老虎。
I hit them. 打他們。 I eat them. 我吃它們。
Their
songs sound good. 他們的歌聲很好聽。 I like their songs.我喜歡他們的歌曲
動詞:
1.及物動詞
（vt.）:
有受詞的動詞。
I hit him. 我打他。
2.不及物動詞（vi.）: 沒有受詞的動詞。 Birds fly.鳥飛。 I swim.我游泳。
句子: 動詞共分為五種句型
1. 主詞(Subject)+動詞(Verb)+受詞(Object)
如:I
have a dog. 我有一隻狗
2. (a). S+V+間接受詞+直接受詞 （※通常，間接受詞是指人，直接受詞是指物、東西） 如：I give him(間接受詞) a book(直接受詞). 我給他一本書。
(b).
S+V+ 直接受詞+(介系詞)+間接受詞
如：I
give a book to him. 我給他一本書。
3.主詞+動詞 如：Birds fly. Birds fly in the sky.鳥在空中飛。 A dog runs.一隻狗在跑。
4.主詞+動詞+受詞+受詞補語 如：I make(使) her cry. 我使她哭。
5.主詞+動詞+主詞補語 如：
It’s a dog. 牠是一隻狗。 I am a boy. 我是一個男孩。
My
name is Max. 我的名字是Max。
(補語：用來補充說明的語詞，用以使句子的意思更完整。)；
(受詞補語：用來補充說明受詞的語詞)； (主詞補語：用來補充說明主詞的語詞)
形容詞:修飾名詞或代名詞的字。
如:a good boy 一個好男孩 This is a good book 這是一本好書。 It is a dog.
原級:
He is tall. 他是高的。
比較級:
He is taller than she. 他比她高。
最高級:
he is the tallest boy in our class.他是我們全班最高的男孩。
原級:不與其他的人或物比較。
如:You are tall.你是高的。 The dog is big.這狗是大的。
比較級:兩人或兩物做比較時，則用比較級。
如:You are taller than she (is).你比她高。She likes
me than him. 她喜歡我勝於(她)喜歡他。 She likes me than he
(does). 她比他喜歡我。（即：她喜歡我勝於他喜歡我）。
最高級：三個或三個以上作比較時，則用最高級。
She
is the most beautiful girl in our school.
她是我們學校最美麗的女孩。
音節: 在單字中，一個母音即是一個音節。 2個母音即是2個音節。3個母音即是3個音節。
如:big 單音節
yellow
easy 二音節
beautiful
三音節
比較級形成:
1.單音節形容詞 + er 如: tall → taller short →
shorter
2.單音節形容詞，而字尾是短母音 + 一個子音時，則先將字尾之子音字母重複 + er 如: hot → hotter thin →
thinner fat →
fatter big →
bigger
3.字尾有e時，則在字尾只加r， 如: fine →finer
nice → nicer wide →
wider
large →
larger
4.形容詞字尾是子音 + y時
y → I + er 如easy→ easier dry →
drier happy →
happier early → earlier happy →
happier
5.全部三音節與大部分二音節之形容詞，則只在形容詞前+more，以形成比較級。
如: beautiful →
more beautiful handsome → more handsome careful →
more careful
最高級之形成:
1.單音節字尾+est 如:
tall → tallest short →
shortest small →smallest
2.單音節字尾是短母音 + 一個子音時，則字尾之字母重複+ est 如:
hot → hottest
thin →
thinnest fat →
fattest big →biggest
3.字尾有e時，則只st
如:fine →finest nice →
nicest
large →
largest wide →
widest
4.單音節字尾是子音+y時 y→ i+ est 如easy →easiest happy →happiest early →
earliest
5.全部三音節與大部分二音節之形容詞，則只在形容詞前 + most，以形成最高級。
如: beautiful →
most beautiful
handsome
→ most handsome
careful
→ most careful
副詞:修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞等的字。
如: He walks. 他走路。→
He walks slowly. 他慢慢地走。
He eats lunch. 他吃午餐。→ He eats lunch happily. 他快樂地吃午餐。
She
is beautiful. 她是漂亮的。 →
She is very beautiful. 她非常的漂亮。
He
walks very slowly. 他非常慢慢地走。（他走得非常慢。）
---------------------------------
副詞的形成:
1. 形容詞字尾是le 或ue時，則將e刪去，只加y。
如:simple簡單的→
simply簡單地
true 真實的→
truly due →
duly
possible 可能的 →
possibly able 有能力的
→ ably
2.形容詞是子音+y時，則將y改成i，再加ly。
如:easy→ easily happy →happily
3.形容詞字尾是ll時，則只加y。
如:full
→ fully
4.形容詞字尾不是ue 或le時，則e不可去掉，直接在e後加ly。
如:cute →cutely sure →surely
5.
其他形容詞 + ly
如: sad
→ sadly 悲傷地 sweet →
sweetly 甜美地
Strong →
strongly 強壯地
cold → coldly 冷淡地
---------------- ------------------
動詞時態:
1.簡單式
(1)現在式:表示現在的事實、動作、狀態。
如: I am a boy. I have a sister. I write my homework.
(2)表示習慣性的動作
如:I get up at six o’clock. I go to school at 07:00.
(3)表示不變的真理、事實。
如:The earth is round. The
sun rises in the east. We see with our
eyes.
--------------------- ----------------------
過去式: 表示過去的事實、動作、狀態、習慣、經驗。
如： I told him a
story yesterday.
We won the game yesterday.
I was happy.
※ 過去: 表示現在以前
過去式的形成:
規則型:
(1)字尾是e時，+d。 如:live →lived
love →loved
(2)子音加y時，將y改成i+ ed。
如:try →tried
(3)母音+y，則只在y後+ed。 如:play
→played stay →stayed
(4)短母音+單音節動詞+子音字尾，則重複子音字尾再 + ed。 如:stop →
stopped.
3.未來式:表示未來將發生的動作或狀態。
I
will tell you a story. 我將要告訴你一個故事。
I
will be a teacher. 我將要當一個老師。
形式: will+一般動詞原型
----------------------------
Be動詞:am、is、are、was、were。
第一人稱:
|
|
現在式
|
過去式
|
|
單
數
|
I am
|
I was
|
|
複
數
|
We are
|
We were
|
I
was a baby. We were babies. I am sad. I was happy.
第二人稱:
|
|
現在式
|
過去式
|
|
單
數
|
You are
|
You were
|
|
複
數
|
You are
|
You were
|
You
were a baby. You were babies.
第三人稱:
|
|
現在式
|
過去式
|
||||
|
單數
|
She is
|
He is
|
It is
|
She was
|
He was
|
It was
|
|
複數
|
They are
|
They are
|
They are
|
They were
|
They were
|
They were
|
He
is a boy. He was a boy.
She
is a girl. She was a girl. It is a
tiger. It was a tiger.
--------------------------------------------
第一人稱 單數 複數
Have
有
I have an eraser. We
have erasers.
第二人稱 單數 複數
You have book. You have books.
第三人稱複數
They have ten books.
They have five dollars.
They have tails.
第三人稱 單數
He has ten books.
Has 有 She has five dollars.
It has a tail.
-------------------------------------
|
第一人稱
|
單數
|
複數
|
|
I have
|
We have
|
|
|
第二人稱
|
單數
|
複數
|
|
You have
|
You have
|
|
第三人稱
|
單數
|
複數
|
|
He has
She has
It has
|
They have
|
-----------------------------------
＊
主詞與動詞的人稱與數必須一致
＊主詞是第一人稱單數或複數、第二人稱單數或複數、第三人稱複數時，其後之動詞用動詞原形。
但是，第三人稱單數主詞 + 現在式單數動詞（~ + s 或 ~
+ es）
I know
her. You know her.
He knows
her. She knows her. A tiger eats a goat.
It runs
fast. It eats too much.
第三人稱單數動詞之形成：
1.
字尾是s, ch, sh, x時 + es
如：teach(教) →teaches. He teaches math. She teaches dance.
kiss→kisses,
He kisses a girl. She kisses a
boy. Dennis kisses a girl.
wash →washes,
He washes his hands. fix →fixes, pass →passes
第三人稱單數動詞之形成：
2.字尾是子音+ y時, 則y改成i + es 如：try →tries,
study →studies David studies English. He tries to open the door.
3.字尾是o時 + es 如：go →goes
do →does
如：He
goes to school everyday. She does her
homework after dinner.
4.其餘字尾 + s 如：play →plays run → runs walk → walks eat → eats see → sees
Gary plays
baseball. He runs fast. She walks slowly.
She sees her
mother. He eats lunch.
---------------------
現在進行式;表示現在正在繼續或進行的動作。
如：I
am studying English.我正在學習英文。 I am doing my homework.我正在寫功課。 I am drinking water. I am eating lunch. I am having dinner.
※ 形式： am, is, are 加 V + ing
※ v +
ing之形成：
1.單音節、短母音、子音字尾時，重複子音字尾 + ing
如：run
→ running cut → cutting stop → stopping swim → swimming
2.無聲字尾e ，則先去e，然後加ing
如：make → making, hike → hiking, write → writing, love → loving, ride → riding, have → having
3.有聲字尾e、字尾為ee, ye時，則只加ing
如： see
→ seeing, dye
→ dyeing, eye → eyeing, be →being
4. 字尾為ie，則先將ie 改為y，再加 ing
如：
tie → tying die → dying lie → lying
5.其他動詞，則V + ing 如：read → reading drink → drinking sing → singing watch → watching, teach →
teaching, walk →
walking, go →
going, do →
doing,
一般動詞現在簡單式之否定句：
肯定句 否定句
( do not = don’t)
第一人稱單數： I go to school. I don’t go to school.
第一人稱複數; We go to school. We
don’t go to school.
第二人稱單數(複數)： You go to school. You don’t go to school.
第三人稱單數： He goes to school. He doesn’t
do to school. (does not=doesn’t)
She goes to school. She doesn’t go to school.
結論：
第一人稱單複數、第二人稱單複數、第三人稱複數之主詞+
don’t +動詞原形。
只有第三人稱單數之主詞 +
doesn’t + 動詞原形。
※ 一般動詞之現在式
肯定句： 否定句：
I like dogs. I don’t like dogs. (don’t = do not之縮寫)
I play computer games. I don’t play computer
games.
You like dogs. You
don’t like dogs.
We like dogs. We
don’t like dogs
She likes dogs. She
doesn’t like dogs.
He likes dogs. He
doesn’t like dogs.
It barks. It
doesn’t bark.
They like dogs. They
don’t like dogs.
(doesn’t = does not之縮寫)
※ Be動詞(am, is, are, was, were)之否定句： (公式：
Be動詞 + not)
I am a boy. →I am not a boy. You are a boy. →You are not a boy.
We are boys. →We are not boys. He is a boy.
→He is not a boy.
She is a girl. →She is not a girl.
----------------------------------
※ Be動詞之肯定句改為疑問句： 公式： Be動詞 + 主詞
I am a boy. → Am I a
boy? You are girls. →Are you girls?
He is a student. →
Is he a student?
Be動詞肯定句
否定句(Be動詞+not) 疑問句(Be動詞+主詞)
I am a boy. I am not a boy. Am I a boy?
We are happy. We are not happy. Are we happy?
You are my friend. You are not my friend. Are you my friend?
He is tall. He is not tall. Is he tall?
They are swimming now. They are not swimming now. Are they swimming now?
----------------------------------
※ 一般動詞之疑問句與否定句
你喜歡狗嗎? Do you like dogs? 我喜歡狗。I
like dogs. →I don’t like dogs.
You like
dogs. Do you like dogs?
她喜歡你。→ She likes you. She doesn’t like you. Does she like you?
他們喜歡她。→ They like her. They don’t like her. Do they like her?
他愛她。 →
He loves her. He doesn’t love
her. Does he love her?
※ 只有第三人稱單數用Does
---------------------------------------
※ Be動詞句型：
肯定句：主詞+Be動詞+形容詞。 如：He
is cute. She is pretty. They are happy.
肯定句：主詞+Be動詞+冠詞+名詞。如：He is a boy. I am a student.
＊and：和,與。 為連接詞，連接詞性相同的單字、片語、句子等。如：
He is tall and thin. Tom and Max are my friends. He and I are good friends.
I like dogs and cats. I have a pencil and an eraser. I eat a hamburger and a cake.
---------------------------------------
簡答句： 肯定句回答 否定句回答
Do you like this
book? Yes, I do. No, I don’t.
Are you a
boy? Yes, I am. No, I am not.
Does she like
him? Yes, she does. No,
she doesn’t.
----------------------------------------
附加問句：
She loves him, doesn’t
she? She doesn’t love him, does she?
She is pretty, isn’t she? She
is not pretty, is she?
被動語態： 主動 被動語態
He loves her. She is loved by him.
I do my homework. My homework is done by me.
助動詞+動詞圓形 can能夠
may可以 must必須 should將要
will
I can swim.